Latest Update (January 2026): The National Medical Commission (NMC) released the official NEET UG 2026 syllabus in late December 2025. No major additions or deletions have been made compared to the previous year. The syllabu…

How do Organisms Reproduce? 1. Why do organisms reproduce? Reproduction is not essential for survival of an individual but is necessary for the continuation of species . It helps maintain the population and transfers genetic material (DNA) t…

Control and Coordination 1. Introduction – What is Control & Coordination? All living organisms respond to stimuli (changes in surroundings) Control → Regulation of body functions Coordination → Working together of different organs/syst…

Life Processes 1. What are Life Processes? Life processes are the maintenance functions that keep living organisms alive even when not growing or moving visibly. Main life processes: Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion Energy…

Carbon and its Compounds 1. Bonding in Carbon – The Covalent Bond Atomic number of carbon = 6 Electronic configuration → 2, 4 (4 valence electrons) Carbon cannot form ionic bonds easily (losing/gaining 4 electrons requires huge energy) Car…

Metals and Non-Metals Classification of Elements Out of 118 known elements: ~92 are naturally occurring ~80+ are metals ~20-25 are non-metals Metalloids: Show properties of both (e.g., Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te) Metals are on the left ; Non-…

Acids, Bases, and Salts 1. Introduction & Definitions Acid: A substance which in aqueous solution tastes sour, turns blue litmus red, and releases H⁺ ions. Base: A substance which in aqueous solution tastes bitter, feels soapy, turns red…

Chemical Reactions and Equations 1. Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances ( reactants ) are converted into one or more new substances ( products ) with different physical and chemical properties. Cha…

Introduction The NCERT Class 12 textbooks represent one of the most crucial stages in a student’s academic journey. Class 12 is the final year of school education and plays a decisive role in shaping a student’s future career, higher educatio…

The NCERT Class 12 Antra (Hindi) Book is an important textbook prescribed by CBSE for students who have chosen Hindi Core at the senior secondary level. This book plays a crucial role in developing students’ understanding of …